Authors who publish with Spectrum: Journal of Science Education retain copyright over their published work. By submitting and publishing an article in Spectrum, authors grant the journal the right of first publication and authorize the journal to publish, distribute, archive, and make the article publicly available through the journal's official publishing platform.

Copyright ownership remains with the author(s) unless a different arrangement is explicitly stated and legally agreed upon.

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Unless otherwise stated, articles published by Spectrum: Journal of Science Education are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

This license allows others to share, copy, redistribute, adapt, remix, transform, and build upon published material for any lawful purpose, provided that appropriate attribution is given to the original author(s), the source is identified, a link to the license is provided, and any modifications are clearly indicated.

Anyone reusing content published by Spectrum should provide appropriate attribution. Attribution should normally include:

• The name(s) of the original author(s);
• The title of the article or work;
• The name Spectrum: Journal of Science Education;
• Complete bibliographic citation information;
• The DOI or URL of the original article, where available;
• A reference or link to the CC BY 4.0 license;
• An indication of whether changes, adaptations, or modifications were made.

Because authors retain copyright, they may generally:

• Use their article in teaching and academic activities;
• Include the article or portions of it in future scholarly work;
• Deposit permitted versions in institutional or subject repositories;
• Share the published article through personal or institutional academic webpages;
• Distribute copies for educational or scholarly purposes;
• Use their published work as part of a thesis, dissertation, book, or subsequent research, subject to appropriate acknowledgment of the original publication.

When redistributing or reusing the article, authors should identify Spectrum: Journal of Science Education as the original place of publication and provide the DOI or official article URL where available.

By accepting publication in Spectrum, authors grant PT. Gammabeta Edu and Tech and Spectrum: Journal of Science Education the non-exclusive right to publish the accepted article as its first formal scholarly publication. This right includes publication, online dissemination, metadata distribution, indexing support, archiving, and long-term accessibility of the article.

The CC BY 4.0 license applies only to material for which the authors or journal have the legal authority to grant such a license. Images, photographs, instruments, questionnaires, figures, tables, datasets, or other third-party material included in an article may be subject to separate copyright conditions. Authors are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions before including copyrighted third-party material in their manuscripts.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts do not unlawfully infringe the copyright, intellectual property, privacy, or other rights of third parties.

Authors must properly acknowledge all copyrighted or previously published material and obtain permission where required. The submission of a manuscript implies that the authors have the authority to publish all material contained in the work.

Spectrum supports responsible author self-archiving. Authors may deposit and share their published articles in institutional repositories, subject repositories, academic webpages, and other appropriate scholarly platforms, provided that the original publication is properly acknowledged. Whenever possible, authors should include the complete citation and a link to the official journal version.

The CC BY 4.0 license permits both commercial and non-commercial reuse of licensed material, provided that all applicable attribution requirements are satisfied. Such reuse must not falsely imply that the authors, editors, journal, or publisher endorse a derivative product, organization, or service.

Reuse rights granted by an open license do not permit plagiarism, misrepresentation, fabrication of authorship, removal of attribution, or deceptive modification of scholarly content. Users who modify or adapt published material should clearly indicate that changes have been made and should not attribute those modifications to the original authors.

Spectrum provides immediate open access to published articles. The journal's Open Access Policy governs public accessibility to journal content, while this Copyright and License Policy defines ownership and the conditions under which published materials may be reused. Together, these policies support broad dissemination while protecting appropriate attribution and scholarly integrity.